來源:趙偉宏觀探索
2023年下半年以來,以美聯儲為代表的主要經濟體央行在抗擊通脹方面愈發小心謹慎。通脹的頑固性和對加息決策可能打壓經濟增長的擔憂使得美聯儲決策更加艱難。而在硬幣的另一面,美聯儲加息已經對發展中經濟體債務、國際收支和貨幣產生顯著沖擊。
在此背景下,近期國際經濟學界圍繞2%這一被發達經濟體央行廣泛采用多年的通脹目標,產生了不小的爭議。美國的一些經濟學家提出,美聯儲應該將通脹目標提高到3%。在長期致力于走出通縮并終于在今年出現通脹跡象的日本,近期也有經濟學家呼吁將通脹目標下調為除能源價格外的核心CPI上升1%-2%。
如果回顧近三年美聯儲等主要央行貨幣政策的變化路徑,不難發現,由于一些環境參數已經發生變化,在現行貨幣政策框架和主流宏觀模型下,一些關鍵問題未必能得到正解。例如最初關于大規模財政刺激會否引發惡性通脹,以及通脹顯性化后關于由供給沖擊引起的通脹是否是暫時的等問題也曾引發大討論,但大部分人都未能預料到四十年不遇的高通脹真的會發生。
這使得我們不得不思考,是什么打破了舊有的規律?我們該對現行的貨幣政策框架和一些主流宏觀理論模型做出何種反思和調整?對于經濟學家和貨幣政策制定者來說,未來有哪些重要課題需要重點關注和研究?
圍繞這些問題,在第五屆外灘金融峰會前夕,我們與即將出席本屆峰會并發表演講的青山學院大學特聘教授、日本央行原行長白川方明進行了一場簡單交流。
“由于經濟和社會是復雜的適應性系統,即使最初看來很合適的規則,也不可避免地會逐漸失去其有效性。”曾在第三屆外灘金融峰會上這樣感慨的白川方明,出于對日本經濟的觀察,在很早之前就提出了對通脹目標制和2%通脹目標的疑慮。
在他看來,過度拘泥于在某個特定數字是危險的。對于物價上漲率變動的原因、機制以及內在含義的理解,我們還缺乏足夠的知識。有必要重新審視包括物價決定理論在內的宏觀經濟學。
在本次交流中,白川方明也指出,我們必須嚴肅思考為什么會發生四十年未見的高通脹,進而反思當前的思想模型和貨幣政策框架。展望未來十年,經濟學家和貨幣政策制定者必須更仔細地研究供給沖擊的本質和人口結構變化的影響。隨著供給沖擊比過去更加普遍,將其視為一次性沖擊而在貨幣政策決策中一筆帶過可能不再合適;而人口少子老齡化趨勢對供需兩端的不對稱影響,勢必造成需求的減弱并帶來價格下行壓力,這種條件下,不應對溫和通縮產生額外的恐懼。
以下為中文訪談紀要:
1
回顧本輪全球通脹的爆發和2022年以來央行應對的過程,您認為我們應對現行的貨幣政策框架和其所依托的主流宏觀經濟學理論與模型做出哪些反思?
白川方明:我們必須嚴肅思考為什么會發生四十年未見的高通脹。一個重要原因是極度擴張性的貨幣與財政政策,但僅看這一點還是浮于表面。更深層次的問題是,為什么從一開始我們會采取這樣極度擴張性的宏觀經濟政策,以及貨幣政策為什么遲遲未能收緊。
我認為這是因為主流思想模型的失靈,主要體現在兩方面:第一,對有效利率下限或通縮的過度恐懼;第二,主流模型的基本假設是,通脹率由長期通脹預期決定,而長期通脹預期錨定在央行設定的通脹目標上,這樣一來,只要央行堅持這個模型,我們就總認為通脹是暫時性的。
我們必須反思當前的思想模型以及貨幣政策框架。
2
在您的著作《動蕩時代》中,您明確反對將2%作為通脹目標的絕對標準。本輪通脹以來,國際上再次掀起了關于通脹目標的爭論。您如何看待通脹目標制和2%通脹目標的合理性與局限性?在確保央行信譽的前提下,您認為未來主要國家在通脹目標的設定上有哪些可行的調整方向?
白川方明:我個人比較喜歡保羅·沃爾克和艾倫·格林斯潘(均為美聯儲原主席)多年前使用的對價格穩定的定義,即價格穩定指“價格波動不對經濟主體決策產生實質性影響的一種狀態”。
但我也明白,這樣的定義到今天已經不被接受了。由于貨幣政策的主要目標是價格穩定,獨立的央行必須明確“穩定”的含義。所以,我接受2%的通脹目標。
盡管如此,我并不熱衷于這個目標。2%不應該被視為一個神圣不可侵犯的數字,原因有二。
第一,通貨膨脹計量是一項很困難的工作,未來數十年將尤甚。例如,我們能否準確地衡量智能手機剔除質量因素影響后的價格變化?對此我就沒有十足的把握。
第二個也是更重要的原因是,只關注通脹數字可能會使我們忽略金融失衡,而這可能引發重大宏觀經濟動蕩。日本上世紀80年代后期經歷泡沫經濟時,通脹就處于很低的水平。
我無法給出一個替代性的貨幣政策框架,但各國央行應努力探索。我目前能提出的建議只有,以更加靈活的方式對待通脹目標,并在貨幣政策制定中納入審視金融失衡的流程。
3
鑒于疫情以來勞動力市場、全球產業鏈調整等情況的變化,以及能源轉型和人口老齡化等結構性因素的長期存在,展望未來十年,您認為對于經濟學家和貨幣政策制定者來說,有哪些重要課題需要重點關注和研究?
白川方明:我當下能想到的有兩點。
第一是供給沖擊。傳統上,供給沖擊往往被視為一次性事件。如果確實如此,那么貨幣政策制定者可以把目光越過供給沖擊(looking through supply shock)。但隨著供給沖擊變得比過去更普遍,這種機械的做法并不合適。我們必須更仔細地研究供應沖擊的本質。
第二是人口變化的影響。在這個話題下,我們經常討論的是人口老齡化的影響,卻沒有足夠重視由低出生率導致的人口減少的影響。這個問題對日本很重要,對中國來說,未來幾十年里也會變得更加重要。
對一個經濟體來說,當前的需求(尤其是投資需求)是由對未來人口規模的預期所決定的;但當前的供給能力則是由當前的人口規模所決定的。由此產生的需求不足會對價格產生下行壓力。
不過,溫和通縮本身不應被視為一個額外的恐懼因素,它只是更根本的人口挑戰的一個癥狀。
4
您最關注本屆外灘金融峰會的哪個環節?
白川方明:我最感興趣的環節是外灘圓桌“人口結構變化:不可忽視的長變量”。
英文訪談紀要
Q1:Looking back on the comeback of inflation around the world and the global central banks’ fight against it since 2022, how do you think we should reflect upon our existing monetary policy framework and the classic macroeconomic theories and models that it rests on?
Masaaki Shirakawa:What we have to think seriously is why we experienced high inflation not seen in the past 40 years. One of its important causes is extremely expansionary monetary and fiscal policy. However, just pointing to this is rather superficial. A deeper question is why such extremely??? expansionary macroeconomic policy was adopted from the beginning and why monetary tightening was delayed.
In this respect, I would say it is due to the failure of the prevailing intellectual model in the following sense. First, the fear over the effective lower bound of interest rate or deflation is exaggerated. Second, the prevailing model assumes inflation rate is determined by long-run inflation expectation, which is anchored at inflation target set by central bank. As long as central bank sticks with this model, inflation is always treated as transitory.
We have to rethink the current intellectual model and for that matter, monetary policy framework.
Q2: In your book Tumultuous Times: Central Banking in an Era of Crisis (中央銀行 セントラルバンカーの経験し), you argued against setting 2% as an undisputable inflation target. This round of inflation resurgence has reignited global debates on inflation targeting. How do you view the rationality and limitation of inflation targeting and the 2% goal? What are the plausible steps major central banks could take to adjust the goal without compromising their credibility?
Masaaki Shirakawa:Personally, I like the definition of price stability used by Volcker and Greenspan many years ago, which essentially says it is a state in which price fluctuation does not materially affect decision-making of economic agents. But I understand the day that such definition is tolerated has already gone. Since the primary objective of monetary policy is price stability, independent central banks have to be reasonably clear about what is meant by stability. So, I accept 2 % inflation target.
Having said that, I am not so enthusiastic about it. It should not be treated as sacrosanct number for the following two reasons. First, inflation measurement is a daunting task, which is especially so in decades to come. For example, I am not so confident enough about knowing precise number for quality-adjusted price change of smart phone. Second and more importantly, just focusing on inflation number risks missing financial imbalances leading to significant macroeconomic disturbances. At the end of the day, inflation rate was quite subdued in the Japan’s bubble period in late 1980s.
I could not present an alternative monetary policy framework, but central banks around the world have to work hard. The only thing I can say at this moment is to treat inflation target in a more flexible manner and incorporate the process of checking financial imbalances in formulating monetary policy.
Q3: In consideration of how the labor markets and global supply chains have evolved since the Covid-19 pandemic and the persistence of structural trends including energy transition and population ageing, what are the major topics that you think economists and monetary policymakers should focus on in the coming decade?
Masaaki Shirakawa:Two issues come to mind immediately.
The first is supply shock. Traditionally, supply shock has tended to be treated as one-off event. If that is a case, looking through supply shock is a right approach to monetary policy. But given that supply shock is becoming more common than before, such mechanical approach is not appropriate. We have to look into the nature of supply shock more carefully.
The second is the impact of demographic change. Under this heading, the impact of ageing is often discussed. What is not well recognized is the impact of declining population due to low birth rate. This issue is quite important in Japan and will be increasingly so in China in decades to come. Expectations about an economy's future population determine current demand, especially investment. But current demographics determine an economy's current supply capacity. Any resultant demand shortage will exert downward pressures on prices. But mild deflation itself should not be seen as an additional fear factor; it is just a symptom of underlying demographic challenge.
Q4: What are the sessions or topics of your utmost concern at the 5th Bund Summit?
Masaaki Shirakawa:I am most interested in “Demographic Change: a Key Long-term Variable.”
在將于9月22-24日舉行的第五屆外灘金融峰會上,白川方明將出席外灘全體大會“全球資管行業發展與中國機遇”,并在以“人口結構變化:不可忽視的長變量”為主題的外灘圓桌中發表演講。“古德哈特定律”提出者、英國科學院院士Charles GOODHART,中國金融四十人論壇學術委員會主席、中國社會科學院國家高端智庫首席專家蔡昉等專家將與白川方明一道,共議人口結構這一關鍵宏觀變量。
此外,正如白川方明所言,全球經濟決策者應當反思理論模型與貨幣政策框架,更加靈活地對待通脹目標,并深入研究供給沖擊的本質。本屆外灘峰會圍繞相關話題設置全體大會、外灘圓桌、外灘閉門會等多個環節,議題覆蓋全球貨幣政策回顧與展望、新冠期間的中美歐宏觀政策、全球供應鏈演變及影響、全球經濟的脆弱性與韌性等。
美國第70任財政部長魯賓(Robert RUBIN),歐洲央行原行長特里謝(Jean-Claude TRICHET),德國央行原行長魏伯昂(Axel A.WEBER),印度央行原行長拉詹(Raghuram RAJAN),香港金融管理局總裁余偉文等多位擁有財政、貨幣政策決策經驗的財經政要將在峰會期間就相關話題展開思想碰撞。
第五屆外灘金融峰會由中國金融四十人論壇(CF40)與中國國際經濟交流中心(CCIEE)聯合主辦,主題為“邁向新征程的中國與世界:復蘇與挑戰”。峰會持續聚焦綠色發展、國際金融、資產管理、金融科技四大主題,堅持“國際化”、“專業化”定位,為上海建成具有全球重要影響力的國際金融中心,為中國作為建設性力量參與國際治理,為國際社會消弭分歧、增進互信、凝聚共識,貢獻價值與力量。
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